For those who are writing the SPI- Ultrasound physics exam. I have notes for sale it is about 1500 multiple choices sets for ARDMS -spi exam = 50 USA DOLLARS. I study those notes and passed my exam 670/700 . If you want to buy i can copy the notes and send them to you in e mail or by mail you can reach me atdrsteveramsey@gmail.com . I will also include some of the ideas about the 12 simulation questions. The payment with PayPal to drsteveramsey@gmail.com , fetal gender , Saad Ismail
Which of the following transducers will have the worst axial resolution?
a. Vector array, 3 MHz
b. Linear Sequential Array, 6 MHZ
c. Linear Phased Array 7.5 MHZ
d. Annular Array, 6 MHz
a.
A sound wave is traveling in the body and propagates from muscle to air. What percentage of the sound wave is most likely reflected at the muscle-air boundary?
a. 0.5%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 5%
e. 99%
b.
Which of the following lists is in decreasing order?
a. Mega, kilo, deca, milli, nano
b. centi, mill, kilo, mega, nano
c. micro, milli, deci, kilo, mega
d. micro, kilo, mega, deci, milli
e. mega, micro, deci, milli, hecto
a.
During a diagnostic exam, which of these statements is most correct when describing the pulsed echo characteristics of an ultrasound system.
a. The listening time may be one-thousand times longer than the pulse duration.
b. the pulse duration is longer than the pulse repetition period.
c. The pulse duration is similar to the listening time.
d. The duty factor has a value close to 1
e. The pulse repitition period is similar to the period.
a.
Which of the following parameters is determined by both the ultrasound system and the medium through which the sound travels?
a. period
b. frequency
c. temperature
d. wavelength
e. velocity of the sound
d.
You should be familiar with the formula L= C/F.
What does “C” stand for in this equation?
a. characteristic impedence
b. density
c. compliance
d. compressability
e. propagation speed
e.
Which of the following lists is in increasing order?
a. mega, kilo, milli, nano, centi
b. centi, milli, kilo, mega, nano
c. micro, kilo, milli, deci, mega
d. micro, milli, deci, kilo, mega
e. mega, micro, deci, mill, hecto
d.
Which of the following statements about speed and attenuation are true?
a. Attenuation through and propagation speed in a particular medium are unrelated to each other.
b. When a sound beam travels faster in a medium, the attenuation is less.
c. When a sound beam travels slower in a medium, the attenuation is more.
a
A sonographer is scanning a patient with a 3 MHz probe and replaces it with a 6 MHz probe. All of the following statements are FALSE, except:
a. The 6 MHz beam will travel at a lower speed than the 3 MHz beam
b. The 6 MHz beam will travel faster than the 3 MHz beam
c. The 3 MHz beam will have a higher frequency than the 6 MHz beam
d. The 6 MHZ beam will have a longer period than the 3 MHz beam
e. The 3 MHz beam will have a longer wavelength than the 6 MHz beam
e
Rank the following media in increasing order of propagation speed.
a. muscle, liver, fat, bone, lung
b. air, lung, fat, soft tissue, bone
c. bone, muscle, fat, lung, air
d. air, fat, bone, blood, water
e. liver, kidney, fat, muscle, brain
b
Which of the following intensities is most significant with regard to the study of bioeffects?
a. SATP
b. SATA
c. SAPA
d. SPTA
e. SPTP
d.
Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?
a. decreased depth of view
b. increased pulse duration
c. increased pulse repitition frequency
d. decreased pulse repitition period
e. high duty factor
b.
What is a cyclical region of low density called?
a. compression
b. Pascal
c. rarefaction
d. density
e. impedence
c
A sonographer adjusts the outout of an ultrasound system by increasing the amplitude by a factor of three. Which of the following statements is true?
a. power is increased by a factor of three
b. wavelength is increased by a factor of nine
c. power is increased by a factor of nine
d. frequency in increased by a factor of three
e. period is decreased by a factor of three
c
Sound travels at the same velocity in two different media. The density of Medium A is half that of Medium B. Which of the following statements is true:
a. The impedence of Medium A is four times that of Medium B
b. The Reynold’s number of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
c. The impedence of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
d. The resistive index of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
e. The impedence of Medium A is half that of Medium B
e.
Which of the following mechanisms are not related to attenuation?
a. reflection
b. scattering
c. transmission
d. absorption
e. tissue heating
c.
In which of the following is the velocity of sound the lowest?
a. tendon
b. kidney
c. muscle
d. amniotic fluid
e. bone
d.
In soft tissue, which of the following is the best estimate for the attenuation coefficient of a 4 MHz sound wave, with a PRF of 10 kHz?
a. 40 dB/cm
b. 5 dB/cm
c. 1.89 dB/cm
d. 2.5 dB/cm
e. 10 dB/cm
c.
A soundwave is propagating is soft tissue. The wavelength is 0.77 mm. What is the frequency of the sound beam?
a. 1.54 MHz
b. 7.7 MHz
c. 77 MHz
d. 2 MHz
e. 7.7 mm
d.
All of the following describe the resolution characteristic related to a short pulse except:
a. range resolution
b. radial resolution
c. angular resolution
d. longitudinal resolution
e. axial resolution
c.
What is the name of the following theory? “A large source pf sound creates a sound beam in the shape of an hour glass, due to the constructive and destructive interference of a large number of small v-shaped sound waves”
a. Reynold’s theorem
b. Pouisuelle’s Law
c. Bernoulli’s principle
d. Huygen’s principle
e. Snell’s Law
d
Some ultrasound systems use a greater number of active recieve elements as echoes return from greater depths, what is this called?
a. harmonic imaging
b. dynamic aperture
c. multidimensional arrays
d. two dimensional imaging
e. phased array
b
Which of the following factors is related to temporal resolution?
a. power
b. sector size
c. period
d. frequency
e. wavelength
b
A sonographer decreases the number of foci in an image from 4 to 2. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. lateral resolution decreases and temporal resolution increases
b. lateral resolution increases and axial resolution increases
c. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
d. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases
e. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
a
Which of the following transducers does not create a sector shaped image.
a. Annular phased
b. linear sequential
c. annular
d. linear phased
e. mechanical
b
What is the advantage of a one and one-half dimensional array transducer?
a. three dimensional images are created
b. temporal resolution is improved
c. refraction artifact is eleiminated
d. improved elevational resolution
e. improved axial resolution
d
Which of the following lists the orders of the impedences of the media in decreasing order?
a.damping material, ceramic, matching layer, gel, skin
b.skin, gel,matching layer, ceramic, damping material
c.gel, skin, ceramic, damping material, matching layer
d.ceramic, damping material, matching layer, gel, skin
e. matching layer, gel, skin,ceramic, damping material
a
Low frequency sound waves are better able to create images at greater depths. Why would a sonographer choose a high frequency transducer?
a. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior contrast resolution
b. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior axial resolution
c. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior transverse resolution
d. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior temporal resolution
e. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior lateral resolution
b
What is the thickness of the active element of an imaging transducer?
a. equal to the thickness of the matching layer
b. half the wavelength of sound in the PZT
c. half the wavelength of sound in the matching layer
d. one-fourth the wavelength of sound in the active element
e. one-fourth the thickness of the matching layer
b
A single, disc shaped transducer crystal is 8 mm in diameter. The focal depth is 3 cm. The beam is unfocused. What is the diameter of the sound beam as it leaves the transducer?
a. 2 mm
b. 8mm
c. 32 mm
d. 16 mm
e. 3 mm
b
What is associated with the term “phased array”?
a. adjustable focusing
b. mechanical beam steering
c. three-dimensional imaging
d. harmonics
a
High frequency sound waves create images with improved longitudinal resolution. Why would a sonographer choose a low frequency transducer?
a. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior contrast resolution
b. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior axial resolution
c. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior transverse resolution
d. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior temporal resolution
e. Low frequency transducers create images that are deeper
e
Which of the following components of a basic ultrasound transducer are identified by the letter B?
a. matching layer
b. PZT
c. demodulator
d. backing material
e. active element
d
What is the effect of using higher frequencies in the far field?
a. improved contrast and temporal resolution
b. improved lateral resolution
c. improved axial resolution
d. improved axial and lateral resolution
e. improved spatial and contrast resolution
d
A linear sequential array probe has 128 crystals. In this case, how many of these will be fire silmultaneously for each sound pulse penetrating into the body?
a, 1
b. 6
c. 128
d. 64
b
Which of the following transducers is best described by the following characteristics: sector shaped image, single PZT crystal, coventional focusing.
a. Annular phased
b. linear sequential
c. annular
d. linear phased
e. mechanical
e
Which of the following factors are unrelated to temporal resolution?
a. Pulse repitition Frequency
b. Pulse repitition period
c. Frequency
d. depth
e. number of foci
c
Comparing Therapeutic and Imaging ultrasound transducers, which of the following statements is true?
a.therapeutic transducers have a shorter pulse duration
b.imaging transducers have a higher quality factor
c.therapeutic transducers have a longer spatial pulse length
d. imaging transducers have a lesser bandwidth
e. imaging transducers have a higher sensitivity
c
A sonographer increases the number of foci from 1 to 4. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. lateral resolution decreases and temporal resolution increases
b. lateral resolution increases and axial resolution increases
c. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
d. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases
e. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
e
On an amplitude mode, or “A-Mode” display, what characteristic is displayed on the Y-Axis?
a. echo strength
b. reflector depth
c. time
d. attenuation
e. brightness
a
An ultrasound system is operating in the harmonic mode. The image on the display was created using sound with a frequency of 6 MHz. What is the primary frequency of sound emitted by the system’s transducer?
a. 12 MHz
b. 6 MHz
c. 9 MHz
d. 8.MHz
e. 3 MHz
e
The term “low dynamic range” has which of the following meanings?
a. high spatial resolution
b. few shades of gray
c. excellent temporal resolution
d. poor spatial resolution
e. many shades of gray
b
Of the following operations performed by a reciever of an ultrasound system, which is the last to be performed?
a. TGC
b. compression
c. demodulation
d. amplification
e. compensation
c
What physical process forms the basis for harmonic imaging?
a, Newtonian Dynamics
b. divergance
c. refraction
d. non linear behavior
e. difraction
d
What is the difference between binary and decimal numbers?
a. decimal numbers are ten times bigger than decimal mumbers.
b. decimal numbers are based on 10, and binary numbers are based on 2
c.decimal numbers are based on 2, while decimal numbers are based on 10.
d. decimal numbers are used on a calculator while binary numbers are used on a computer.
e. decimal numbers are 5 times larger than binary.
b
Dynamic range is measured in _____ and is the ________ between two numbers.
a. dB, difference
b. rayls, ratio
c. percent, sum
d. percent, difference
e. dB, ratio
e
The amplifier of an ultrasound machine increases the signal from 4 mw/cm^2 to 4 w/cm^2. What is the gain of the amplifier?
a. 10 dB
b. 400 dB
c. 1 dB
d. 30 dB
f. 100 dB
d
How many bits are required to make a byte?
a. 1
b. 16
c. 4
d. 8
e. 2
d
Which of the following is best desribed by compounding with different times?
a. persistence
b. spatial compounding
c. frequency compounding
d. frame averaging
a
With gray scale imaging, what is the percentage of time the ultrasound machine is receiving:
a. 5%
b. 99%
c. 100%
d. 25%
e. 0.5%
b
What is the purpose of digital memory in a ultrasound imaging system?
a. it stores the image data after it has been converted into a string of 0’s and 1’s.
b. it stores the patients name
c. it stores the patients previous studies
d. it stores the transducer frequency
a
With fill-in interpolation, what is the most likely effect on an ultrasound image?
a. the entire image will be darker
b. the temporal resolution will ne degraded
c. the entire image will ne brighter
d. low level nois in the image will be eliminated
e. the image will display a greater level of detail
e
Which of the following is a nessessary component of a contrast agent?
a. metabolically inert
b. must be inexpensive
c. must be smaller than arteries
d. must have an acoustic impedence equal to that of blood.
a
All of the following are disadvantages of the analog scan converter EXCEPT:
a. drift
b.. deterioation
c. image fade
d. flicker
e. veiling glare
e
In a digital image, with 3 bits per pixel, how many different gray shades can a single pixel display at one moment in time?
a. 16
b. 8
c. 2
d. 1
e. 4
d
What subject matter does the ALARA principle relate to?
a. compensation
b. transducer design
c. quality assurance
d. bioeffects
e. image processing
d
Which of the following numbers represents a binary number?
a. 012345
b. 0
c. 2
d. 123456
e. 2468
b
Which of the following image manipulations is NOT considered post processing?
a. white/black invert
b. black/white invert
c. zoom
d. freeze frame
e. write magnification
e
All of the following terms are associated with bi-directional doppler except:
a. phase quadrature
b. spectral analysis
c. non-coherent
d. aliasing
e. demodulation
c
Which of the following describe blood flow at a variety of directions at many speeds?
a. turbulent
b.. phasic
c. pulsatile
d. smooth
e. laminar
a
All of the following optimize the accuracy and reduce the liklihood of artifacts in a clinical doppler exam EXCEPT:
a. shallow sample volume depth
b. decreasing the PRF
c. lower frequency transducers
d. 0 degree angle between sound beam and flow direction
e. increasing the Nyquist limit
b
which of the following effects is NOT created by a stenosis?
a. increased velocity within the stenosis
b. increased velocity at the exit to the stenosis
c. pulsatile flow at the exit to the stenosis
d. turbulence at the exit to the stenosis
e. pressure gradient across the stenosis
c
Which of the following is affected by the packet size transmitted by an ultrasound probe?
a. spatial resolution
b. depth calibration
c. longitudinal resolution
d. doppler accuracy
e. lateral resolution
d
what happens to flow when the pressure gradient doubles?
a. flow is quartered
b. flow is quadrupled
c. flow is doubled
d. flow is halved
e. flow is unchanged
c
A 6 foot tall supine patient has normal hemodynamics. The patient’s arterial blood pressure is 140 mmHg. The patient extends their right arm high above their head. What is the hydrostatic pressure at the ankle of this patient?
a. 0 mmHg
b. -50 mmHg
c. 92 mmHg
d. 50 mmHg
e. 6 mmHg
a
Which of the following characteristics best describe a velocity mode color map?
a. colors vary from top to bottom and also from side to side
b. colors vary from top to bottom, but not from side to side to side
c. the top half of the map may only be one color
d. colors vary from side to side, but not from top to bottom
e. the right side of the map is a different color than the left side
b
Which of the following are limitations of color power doppler?
a. high doppler sensitivity and low temporal resolution
b. low temporal resolution and flash artifact
c. low doppler sensitivity and flash artifact
d. high doppler sensitivity and flash artifact
e.high temporal resolution and low doppler sensitivity
b
What is flow that is layered and in the same direction called?
a. smooth
b. turbulent
c. laminar
d. pulsatile
e. phasic
c
In which of the following is the velocity of sound the highest?
a. tendon
b. kidney
c. muscle
d. amniotic fluid
e. bone
a
A tourist is standing at the edge of a canyon and yells hello. The sound wave produced is travelling in air at 330 meters per second. The tourist hears the echo hello 4 seconds later. What is the total distance that the sound wave travelled?
a. 1320 meters
b. 570 meters.
c. 1140 meters
d. 760 meters
e. 380 meters
a
Which of the following terms best describe the interference of a pair of waves that are out of phase?
a. intermitten
b. asynchronous
c. phasic
d. destructive
e. Huygens
d
Which of the following principles expresses the process of refraction?
a. Poiseuille’s Law
b. Snell’s Law
c. Refactive Index Formulation
d. Bernoulli’s Principle
e. Reynold’s Number
b
Which of the following sound waves are infrasonic?
a. 4 Hz
b. 5,000 Hz
c. 2 MHz
d. 9 MHz
e. 2000 kHz
a
A sound wave is traveling in the body and propagates from muscle to air. What percentage of the sound wave is most likely to be transmitted at the muscle-air boundary?
a. 0.5%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 5%
e. 99%
a
Which of the following best describes a pulse of ultrasound with superior axial resolution?
a. high frequency and few cycles in the pulse
b. low frequency and many cycles in the pulse
c. high frequency and many cycles in the pulse
d. low frequency and few cycles in the pulse
e. low frequency and long spatial pulse length
a
All of the following describe the resolution characteristic related to a short pulse except:
a. angular resolution
b. range resolution
c. radial resoltion
d. logitudinal resolution
e. axial resolution
a
A sound beam is travelling from medium B to Medium G. Under which of the following conditions will reflection always occur?
a. similar speeds, perpendicular incidence
b. identical density and normal incidence
c. dissimilar impedenc and orthoganal incidence
d. different density and oblique incidence
e. different impedences and oblique incidence
c
Which of the following interfaces will produce the smallest amount of transmission?
a. blood-muscle
b. air-liver
c. calcium-blood
d. bone-tendon
e. fat-liver
b
Refraction is a physical process associated with ______________.
a. impedence
b. reflection
c. spatial pulse length
d. attenuation
e. transmission
d
In soft tissue, which of the following PZT crystals will produce the lowest SPTA intensity at the end of the near zone?
a. 6 mm diameter, 6 MHz frequency
b. 5 mm diameter, 3 MHz frequency
c. 4 mm diameter, 5 MHz frequency
d. 6 mm diameter, 4 MHz frequency
e. 4 mm diameter, 6 MHz frequency
a
What are the units of wavelength?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
a
What are the units of intensity?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
c
What are the units of power?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
e
The Power in a beam is 1 watt and the area is 5cm^2. What is the beams intensity?
a. 5 w/cm^2
b. 1 w/cm^2
c. 0.2 w/cm^2
d. 1 watt
c
If the intensity remains the same, while the power is doubled, what happens to the beam area?
a. quadrupled
b. doubled
c. halved
d. unchanged
b
What happens to the speed of sound when the bulk modulus increases?
a. faster
b. slower
c. remains the same
a
Which of the foloowing waves will have the shortest wavelength?
a. low frequency in a fast medium
b. low frequency in a slow medium
c. high frequency in a fast medium
d. high frequency in a slow medium
d
Sound waves are:
a. electric
b. mechanichal, transverse
c. spectral
d. longitudinal, mechanical
b
The speed of sound in soft tissue is closest to:
a. 1,540 km/s
b. 1.54 km/ms
c. 1,500 m/s
d. 1,540 mm/sec
c
The frequency closest to the lower limit of US is:
a. 19,000 kHz
b. 10,000 MHz
c. 20,000 msec
d. 15,000 Hz
d
With regards to tissue heating, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine has recommended specific maximum intensity limits for focused and unfocused sound beams. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The maximum intensity limit for a focused beam is higher than that of an unfocused beam.
b. The maximum intensity limit for an unfocused beam is higher than that of a focused beam.
c. The intensity limits for focused and unfocused beams are the same.
a
Which of the following statements is true of a hydrophone used to measure the output of ultrasound transducers?
a. strength at specific locations in the cound beam can be measured
b. the beams lowest intensity, SATA is measured
c. total output power of the transducer is measured
d. the diameter of the PZT is large
e. sound energy is converted into heat by the hydrophone
a
A higher mechanical index is consistent with an increased likelyhood of cavitation. Which of these choices is associated with a high mechanical index?
a. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and short wavelength
b. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and extremely short wavelength
c. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and high frequency
d. extreme peak compression pressure and high frequency
e. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and low frequency
Thank you for reading please share your answer so all of us can benefit.
Steve Ramsey. Calgary, Alberta – Canada
Which of the following transducers will have the worst axial resolution?
a. Vector array, 3 MHz
b. Linear Sequential Array, 6 MHZ
c. Linear Phased Array 7.5 MHZ
d. Annular Array, 6 MHz
a.
A sound wave is traveling in the body and propagates from muscle to air. What percentage of the sound wave is most likely reflected at the muscle-air boundary?
a. 0.5%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 5%
e. 99%
b.
Which of the following lists is in decreasing order?
a. Mega, kilo, deca, milli, nano
b. centi, mill, kilo, mega, nano
c. micro, milli, deci, kilo, mega
d. micro, kilo, mega, deci, milli
e. mega, micro, deci, milli, hecto
a.
During a diagnostic exam, which of these statements is most correct when describing the pulsed echo characteristics of an ultrasound system.
a. The listening time may be one-thousand times longer than the pulse duration.
b. the pulse duration is longer than the pulse repetition period.
c. The pulse duration is similar to the listening time.
d. The duty factor has a value close to 1
e. The pulse repitition period is similar to the period.
a.
Which of the following parameters is determined by both the ultrasound system and the medium through which the sound travels?
a. period
b. frequency
c. temperature
d. wavelength
e. velocity of the sound
d.
You should be familiar with the formula L= C/F.
What does “C” stand for in this equation?
a. characteristic impedence
b. density
c. compliance
d. compressability
e. propagation speed
e.
Which of the following lists is in increasing order?
a. mega, kilo, milli, nano, centi
b. centi, milli, kilo, mega, nano
c. micro, kilo, milli, deci, mega
d. micro, milli, deci, kilo, mega
e. mega, micro, deci, mill, hecto
d.
Which of the following statements about speed and attenuation are true?
a. Attenuation through and propagation speed in a particular medium are unrelated to each other.
b. When a sound beam travels faster in a medium, the attenuation is less.
c. When a sound beam travels slower in a medium, the attenuation is more.
a
A sonographer is scanning a patient with a 3 MHz probe and replaces it with a 6 MHz probe. All of the following statements are FALSE, except:
a. The 6 MHz beam will travel at a lower speed than the 3 MHz beam
b. The 6 MHz beam will travel faster than the 3 MHz beam
c. The 3 MHz beam will have a higher frequency than the 6 MHz beam
d. The 6 MHZ beam will have a longer period than the 3 MHz beam
e. The 3 MHz beam will have a longer wavelength than the 6 MHz beam
e
Rank the following media in increasing order of propagation speed.
a. muscle, liver, fat, bone, lung
b. air, lung, fat, soft tissue, bone
c. bone, muscle, fat, lung, air
d. air, fat, bone, blood, water
e. liver, kidney, fat, muscle, brain
b
Which of the following intensities is most significant with regard to the study of bioeffects?
a. SATP
b. SATA
c. SAPA
d. SPTA
e. SPTP
d.
Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?
a. decreased depth of view
b. increased pulse duration
c. increased pulse repitition frequency
d. decreased pulse repitition period
e. high duty factor
b.
What is a cyclical region of low density called?
a. compression
b. Pascal
c. rarefaction
d. density
e. impedence
c
A sonographer adjusts the outout of an ultrasound system by increasing the amplitude by a factor of three. Which of the following statements is true?
a. power is increased by a factor of three
b. wavelength is increased by a factor of nine
c. power is increased by a factor of nine
d. frequency in increased by a factor of three
e. period is decreased by a factor of three
c
Sound travels at the same velocity in two different media. The density of Medium A is half that of Medium B. Which of the following statements is true:
a. The impedence of Medium A is four times that of Medium B
b. The Reynold’s number of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
c. The impedence of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
d. The resistive index of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
e. The impedence of Medium A is half that of Medium B
e.
Which of the following mechanisms are not related to attenuation?
a. reflection
b. scattering
c. transmission
d. absorption
e. tissue heating
c.
In which of the following is the velocity of sound the lowest?
a. tendon
b. kidney
c. muscle
d. amniotic fluid
e. bone
d.
In soft tissue, which of the following is the best estimate for the attenuation coefficient of a 4 MHz sound wave, with a PRF of 10 kHz?
a. 40 dB/cm
b. 5 dB/cm
c. 1.89 dB/cm
d. 2.5 dB/cm
e. 10 dB/cm
c.
A soundwave is propagating is soft tissue. The wavelength is 0.77 mm. What is the frequency of the sound beam?
a. 1.54 MHz
b. 7.7 MHz
c. 77 MHz
d. 2 MHz
e. 7.7 mm
d.
All of the following describe the resolution characteristic related to a short pulse except:
a. range resolution
b. radial resolution
c. angular resolution
d. longitudinal resolution
e. axial resolution
c.
What is the name of the following theory? “A large source pf sound creates a sound beam in the shape of an hour glass, due to the constructive and destructive interference of a large number of small v-shaped sound waves”
a. Reynold’s theorem
b. Pouisuelle’s Law
c. Bernoulli’s principle
d. Huygen’s principle
e. Snell’s Law
d
Some ultrasound systems use a greater number of active recieve elements as echoes return from greater depths, what is this called?
a. harmonic imaging
b. dynamic aperture
c. multidimensional arrays
d. two dimensional imaging
e. phased array
b
Which of the following factors is related to temporal resolution?
a. power
b. sector size
c. period
d. frequency
e. wavelength
b
A sonographer decreases the number of foci in an image from 4 to 2. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. lateral resolution decreases and temporal resolution increases
b. lateral resolution increases and axial resolution increases
c. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
d. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases
e. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
a
Which of the following transducers does not create a sector shaped image.
a. Annular phased
b. linear sequential
c. annular
d. linear phased
e. mechanical
b
What is the advantage of a one and one-half dimensional array transducer?
a. three dimensional images are created
b. temporal resolution is improved
c. refraction artifact is eleiminated
d. improved elevational resolution
e. improved axial resolution
d
Which of the following lists the orders of the impedences of the media in decreasing order?
a.damping material, ceramic, matching layer, gel, skin
b.skin, gel,matching layer, ceramic, damping material
c.gel, skin, ceramic, damping material, matching layer
d.ceramic, damping material, matching layer, gel, skin
e. matching layer, gel, skin,ceramic, damping material
a
Low frequency sound waves are better able to create images at greater depths. Why would a sonographer choose a high frequency transducer?
a. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior contrast resolution
b. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior axial resolution
c. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior transverse resolution
d. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior temporal resolution
e. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior lateral resolution
b
What is the thickness of the active element of an imaging transducer?
a. equal to the thickness of the matching layer
b. half the wavelength of sound in the PZT
c. half the wavelength of sound in the matching layer
d. one-fourth the wavelength of sound in the active element
e. one-fourth the thickness of the matching layer
b
A single, disc shaped transducer crystal is 8 mm in diameter. The focal depth is 3 cm. The beam is unfocused. What is the diameter of the sound beam as it leaves the transducer?
a. 2 mm
b. 8mm
c. 32 mm
d. 16 mm
e. 3 mm
b
What is associated with the term “phased array”?
a. adjustable focusing
b. mechanical beam steering
c. three-dimensional imaging
d. harmonics
a
High frequency sound waves create images with improved longitudinal resolution. Why would a sonographer choose a low frequency transducer?
a. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior contrast resolution
b. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior axial resolution
c. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior transverse resolution
d. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior temporal resolution
e. Low frequency transducers create images that are deeper
e
Which of the following components of a basic ultrasound transducer are identified by the letter B?
a. matching layer
b. PZT
c. demodulator
d. backing material
e. active element
d
What is the effect of using higher frequencies in the far field?
a. improved contrast and temporal resolution
b. improved lateral resolution
c. improved axial resolution
d. improved axial and lateral resolution
e. improved spatial and contrast resolution
d
A linear sequential array probe has 128 crystals. In this case, how many of these will be fire silmultaneously for each sound pulse penetrating into the body?
a, 1
b. 6
c. 128
d. 64
b
Which of the following transducers is best described by the following characteristics: sector shaped image, single PZT crystal, coventional focusing.
a. Annular phased
b. linear sequential
c. annular
d. linear phased
e. mechanical
e
Which of the following factors are unrelated to temporal resolution?
a. Pulse repitition Frequency
b. Pulse repitition period
c. Frequency
d. depth
e. number of foci
c
Comparing Therapeutic and Imaging ultrasound transducers, which of the following statements is true?
a.therapeutic transducers have a shorter pulse duration
b.imaging transducers have a higher quality factor
c.therapeutic transducers have a longer spatial pulse length
d. imaging transducers have a lesser bandwidth
e. imaging transducers have a higher sensitivity
c
A sonographer increases the number of foci from 1 to 4. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. lateral resolution decreases and temporal resolution increases
b. lateral resolution increases and axial resolution increases
c. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
d. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases
e. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
e
On an amplitude mode, or “A-Mode” display, what characteristic is displayed on the Y-Axis?
a. echo strength
b. reflector depth
c. time
d. attenuation
e. brightness
a
An ultrasound system is operating in the harmonic mode. The image on the display was created using sound with a frequency of 6 MHz. What is the primary frequency of sound emitted by the system’s transducer?
a. 12 MHz
b. 6 MHz
c. 9 MHz
d. 8.MHz
e. 3 MHz
e
The term “low dynamic range” has which of the following meanings?
a. high spatial resolution
b. few shades of gray
c. excellent temporal resolution
d. poor spatial resolution
e. many shades of gray
b
Of the following operations performed by a reciever of an ultrasound system, which is the last to be performed?
a. TGC
b. compression
c. demodulation
d. amplification
e. compensation
c
What physical process forms the basis for harmonic imaging?
a, Newtonian Dynamics
b. divergance
c. refraction
d. non linear behavior
e. difraction
d
What is the difference between binary and decimal numbers?
a. decimal numbers are ten times bigger than decimal mumbers.
b. decimal numbers are based on 10, and binary numbers are based on 2
c.decimal numbers are based on 2, while decimal numbers are based on 10.
d. decimal numbers are used on a calculator while binary numbers are used on a computer.
e. decimal numbers are 5 times larger than binary.
b
Dynamic range is measured in _____ and is the ________ between two numbers.
a. dB, difference
b. rayls, ratio
c. percent, sum
d. percent, difference
e. dB, ratio
e
The amplifier of an ultrasound machine increases the signal from 4 mw/cm^2 to 4 w/cm^2. What is the gain of the amplifier?
a. 10 dB
b. 400 dB
c. 1 dB
d. 30 dB
f. 100 dB
d
How many bits are required to make a byte?
a. 1
b. 16
c. 4
d. 8
e. 2
d
Which of the following is best desribed by compounding with different times?
a. persistence
b. spatial compounding
c. frequency compounding
d. frame averaging
a
With gray scale imaging, what is the percentage of time the ultrasound machine is receiving:
a. 5%
b. 99%
c. 100%
d. 25%
e. 0.5%
b
What is the purpose of digital memory in a ultrasound imaging system?
a. it stores the image data after it has been converted into a string of 0’s and 1’s.
b. it stores the patients name
c. it stores the patients previous studies
d. it stores the transducer frequency
a
With fill-in interpolation, what is the most likely effect on an ultrasound image?
a. the entire image will be darker
b. the temporal resolution will ne degraded
c. the entire image will ne brighter
d. low level nois in the image will be eliminated
e. the image will display a greater level of detail
e
Which of the following is a nessessary component of a contrast agent?
a. metabolically inert
b. must be inexpensive
c. must be smaller than arteries
d. must have an acoustic impedence equal to that of blood.
a
All of the following are disadvantages of the analog scan converter EXCEPT:
a. drift
b.. deterioation
c. image fade
d. flicker
e. veiling glare
e
In a digital image, with 3 bits per pixel, how many different gray shades can a single pixel display at one moment in time?
a. 16
b. 8
c. 2
d. 1
e. 4
d
What subject matter does the ALARA principle relate to?
a. compensation
b. transducer design
c. quality assurance
d. bioeffects
e. image processing
d
Which of the following numbers represents a binary number?
a. 012345
b. 0
c. 2
d. 123456
e. 2468
b
Which of the following image manipulations is NOT considered post processing?
a. white/black invert
b. black/white invert
c. zoom
d. freeze frame
e. write magnification
e
All of the following terms are associated with bi-directional doppler except:
a. phase quadrature
b. spectral analysis
c. non-coherent
d. aliasing
e. demodulation
c
Which of the following describe blood flow at a variety of directions at many speeds?
a. turbulent
b.. phasic
c. pulsatile
d. smooth
e. laminar
a
All of the following optimize the accuracy and reduce the liklihood of artifacts in a clinical doppler exam EXCEPT:
a. shallow sample volume depth
b. decreasing the PRF
c. lower frequency transducers
d. 0 degree angle between sound beam and flow direction
e. increasing the Nyquist limit
b
which of the following effects is NOT created by a stenosis?
a. increased velocity within the stenosis
b. increased velocity at the exit to the stenosis
c. pulsatile flow at the exit to the stenosis
d. turbulence at the exit to the stenosis
e. pressure gradient across the stenosis
c
Which of the following is affected by the packet size transmitted by an ultrasound probe?
a. spatial resolution
b. depth calibration
c. longitudinal resolution
d. doppler accuracy
e. lateral resolution
d
what happens to flow when the pressure gradient doubles?
a. flow is quartered
b. flow is quadrupled
c. flow is doubled
d. flow is halved
e. flow is unchanged
c
A 6 foot tall supine patient has normal hemodynamics. The patient’s arterial blood pressure is 140 mmHg. The patient extends their right arm high above their head. What is the hydrostatic pressure at the ankle of this patient?
a. 0 mmHg
b. -50 mmHg
c. 92 mmHg
d. 50 mmHg
e. 6 mmHg
a
Which of the following characteristics best describe a velocity mode color map?
a. colors vary from top to bottom and also from side to side
b. colors vary from top to bottom, but not from side to side to side
c. the top half of the map may only be one color
d. colors vary from side to side, but not from top to bottom
e. the right side of the map is a different color than the left side
b
Which of the following are limitations of color power doppler?
a. high doppler sensitivity and low temporal resolution
b. low temporal resolution and flash artifact
c. low doppler sensitivity and flash artifact
d. high doppler sensitivity and flash artifact
e.high temporal resolution and low doppler sensitivity
b
What is flow that is layered and in the same direction called?
a. smooth
b. turbulent
c. laminar
d. pulsatile
e. phasic
c
In which of the following is the velocity of sound the highest?
a. tendon
b. kidney
c. muscle
d. amniotic fluid
e. bone
a
A tourist is standing at the edge of a canyon and yells hello. The sound wave produced is travelling in air at 330 meters per second. The tourist hears the echo hello 4 seconds later. What is the total distance that the sound wave travelled?
a. 1320 meters
b. 570 meters.
c. 1140 meters
d. 760 meters
e. 380 meters
a
Which of the following terms best describe the interference of a pair of waves that are out of phase?
a. intermitten
b. asynchronous
c. phasic
d. destructive
e. Huygens
d
Which of the following principles expresses the process of refraction?
a. Poiseuille’s Law
b. Snell’s Law
c. Refactive Index Formulation
d. Bernoulli’s Principle
e. Reynold’s Number
b
Which of the following sound waves are infrasonic?
a. 4 Hz
b. 5,000 Hz
c. 2 MHz
d. 9 MHz
e. 2000 kHz
a
A sound wave is traveling in the body and propagates from muscle to air. What percentage of the sound wave is most likely to be transmitted at the muscle-air boundary?
a. 0.5%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 5%
e. 99%
a
Which of the following best describes a pulse of ultrasound with superior axial resolution?
a. high frequency and few cycles in the pulse
b. low frequency and many cycles in the pulse
c. high frequency and many cycles in the pulse
d. low frequency and few cycles in the pulse
e. low frequency and long spatial pulse length
a
All of the following describe the resolution characteristic related to a short pulse except:
a. angular resolution
b. range resolution
c. radial resoltion
d. logitudinal resolution
e. axial resolution
a
A sound beam is travelling from medium B to Medium G. Under which of the following conditions will reflection always occur?
a. similar speeds, perpendicular incidence
b. identical density and normal incidence
c. dissimilar impedenc and orthoganal incidence
d. different density and oblique incidence
e. different impedences and oblique incidence
c
Which of the following interfaces will produce the smallest amount of transmission?
a. blood-muscle
b. air-liver
c. calcium-blood
d. bone-tendon
e. fat-liver
b
Refraction is a physical process associated with ______________.
a. impedence
b. reflection
c. spatial pulse length
d. attenuation
e. transmission
d
In soft tissue, which of the following PZT crystals will produce the lowest SPTA intensity at the end of the near zone?
a. 6 mm diameter, 6 MHz frequency
b. 5 mm diameter, 3 MHz frequency
c. 4 mm diameter, 5 MHz frequency
d. 6 mm diameter, 4 MHz frequency
e. 4 mm diameter, 6 MHz frequency
a
What are the units of wavelength?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
a
What are the units of intensity?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
c
What are the units of power?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
e
The Power in a beam is 1 watt and the area is 5cm^2. What is the beams intensity?
a. 5 w/cm^2
b. 1 w/cm^2
c. 0.2 w/cm^2
d. 1 watt
c
If the intensity remains the same, while the power is doubled, what happens to the beam area?
a. quadrupled
b. doubled
c. halved
d. unchanged
b
What happens to the speed of sound when the bulk modulus increases?
a. faster
b. slower
c. remains the same
a
Which of the foloowing waves will have the shortest wavelength?
a. low frequency in a fast medium
b. low frequency in a slow medium
c. high frequency in a fast medium
d. high frequency in a slow medium
d
Sound waves are:
a. electric
b. mechanichal, transverse
c. spectral
d. longitudinal, mechanical
b
The speed of sound in soft tissue is closest to:
a. 1,540 km/s
b. 1.54 km/ms
c. 1,500 m/s
d. 1,540 mm/sec
c
The frequency closest to the lower limit of US is:
a. 19,000 kHz
b. 10,000 MHz
c. 20,000 msec
d. 15,000 Hz
d
With regards to tissue heating, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine has recommended specific maximum intensity limits for focused and unfocused sound beams. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The maximum intensity limit for a focused beam is higher than that of an unfocused beam.
b. The maximum intensity limit for an unfocused beam is higher than that of a focused beam.
c. The intensity limits for focused and unfocused beams are the same.
a
Which of the following statements is true of a hydrophone used to measure the output of ultrasound transducers?
a. strength at specific locations in the cound beam can be measured
b. the beams lowest intensity, SATA is measured
c. total output power of the transducer is measured
d. the diameter of the PZT is large
e. sound energy is converted into heat by the hydrophone
a
A higher mechanical index is consistent with an increased likelyhood of cavitation. Which of these choices is associated with a high mechanical index?
a. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and short wavelength
b. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and extremely short wavelength
c. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and high frequency
d. extreme peak compression pressure and high frequency
e. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and low frequency
Thank you for reading please share your answer so all of us can benefit.
Steve Ramsey. Calgary, Alberta – Canada
Which of the following transducers will have the worst axial resolution?
a. Vector array, 3 MHz
b. Linear Sequential Array, 6 MHZ
c. Linear Phased Array 7.5 MHZ
d. Annular Array, 6 MHz
a.
A sound wave is traveling in the body and propagates from muscle to air. What percentage of the sound wave is most likely reflected at the muscle-air boundary?
a. 0.5%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 5%
e. 99%
b.
Which of the following lists is in decreasing order?
a. Mega, kilo, deca, milli, nano
b. centi, mill, kilo, mega, nano
c. micro, milli, deci, kilo, mega
d. micro, kilo, mega, deci, milli
e. mega, micro, deci, milli, hecto
a.
During a diagnostic exam, which of these statements is most correct when describing the pulsed echo characteristics of an ultrasound system.
a. The listening time may be one-thousand times longer than the pulse duration.
b. the pulse duration is longer than the pulse repetition period.
c. The pulse duration is similar to the listening time.
d. The duty factor has a value close to 1
e. The pulse repitition period is similar to the period.
a.
Which of the following parameters is determined by both the ultrasound system and the medium through which the sound travels?
a. period
b. frequency
c. temperature
d. wavelength
e. velocity of the sound
d.
You should be familiar with the formula L= C/F.
What does “C” stand for in this equation?
a. characteristic impedence
b. density
c. compliance
d. compressability
e. propagation speed
e.
Which of the following lists is in increasing order?
a. mega, kilo, milli, nano, centi
b. centi, milli, kilo, mega, nano
c. micro, kilo, milli, deci, mega
d. micro, milli, deci, kilo, mega
e. mega, micro, deci, mill, hecto
d.
Which of the following statements about speed and attenuation are true?
a. Attenuation through and propagation speed in a particular medium are unrelated to each other.
b. When a sound beam travels faster in a medium, the attenuation is less.
c. When a sound beam travels slower in a medium, the attenuation is more.
a
A sonographer is scanning a patient with a 3 MHz probe and replaces it with a 6 MHz probe. All of the following statements are FALSE, except:
a. The 6 MHz beam will travel at a lower speed than the 3 MHz beam
b. The 6 MHz beam will travel faster than the 3 MHz beam
c. The 3 MHz beam will have a higher frequency than the 6 MHz beam
d. The 6 MHZ beam will have a longer period than the 3 MHz beam
e. The 3 MHz beam will have a longer wavelength than the 6 MHz beam
e
Rank the following media in increasing order of propagation speed.
a. muscle, liver, fat, bone, lung
b. air, lung, fat, soft tissue, bone
c. bone, muscle, fat, lung, air
d. air, fat, bone, blood, water
e. liver, kidney, fat, muscle, brain
b
Which of the following intensities is most significant with regard to the study of bioeffects?
a. SATP
b. SATA
c. SAPA
d. SPTA
e. SPTP
d.
Which of the following terms does not belong with the others?
a. decreased depth of view
b. increased pulse duration
c. increased pulse repitition frequency
d. decreased pulse repitition period
e. high duty factor
b.
What is a cyclical region of low density called?
a. compression
b. Pascal
c. rarefaction
d. density
e. impedence
c
A sonographer adjusts the outout of an ultrasound system by increasing the amplitude by a factor of three. Which of the following statements is true?
a. power is increased by a factor of three
b. wavelength is increased by a factor of nine
c. power is increased by a factor of nine
d. frequency in increased by a factor of three
e. period is decreased by a factor of three
c
Sound travels at the same velocity in two different media. The density of Medium A is half that of Medium B. Which of the following statements is true:
a. The impedence of Medium A is four times that of Medium B
b. The Reynold’s number of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
c. The impedence of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
d. The resistive index of Medium A is twice that of Medium B
e. The impedence of Medium A is half that of Medium B
e.
Which of the following mechanisms are not related to attenuation?
a. reflection
b. scattering
c. transmission
d. absorption
e. tissue heating
c.
In which of the following is the velocity of sound the lowest?
a. tendon
b. kidney
c. muscle
d. amniotic fluid
e. bone
d.
In soft tissue, which of the following is the best estimate for the attenuation coefficient of a 4 MHz sound wave, with a PRF of 10 kHz?
a. 40 dB/cm
b. 5 dB/cm
c. 1.89 dB/cm
d. 2.5 dB/cm
e. 10 dB/cm
c.
A soundwave is propagating is soft tissue. The wavelength is 0.77 mm. What is the frequency of the sound beam?
a. 1.54 MHz
b. 7.7 MHz
c. 77 MHz
d. 2 MHz
e. 7.7 mm
d.
All of the following describe the resolution characteristic related to a short pulse except:
a. range resolution
b. radial resolution
c. angular resolution
d. longitudinal resolution
e. axial resolution
c.
What is the name of the following theory? “A large source pf sound creates a sound beam in the shape of an hour glass, due to the constructive and destructive interference of a large number of small v-shaped sound waves”
a. Reynold’s theorem
b. Pouisuelle’s Law
c. Bernoulli’s principle
d. Huygen’s principle
e. Snell’s Law
d
Some ultrasound systems use a greater number of active recieve elements as echoes return from greater depths, what is this called?
a. harmonic imaging
b. dynamic aperture
c. multidimensional arrays
d. two dimensional imaging
e. phased array
b
Which of the following factors is related to temporal resolution?
a. power
b. sector size
c. period
d. frequency
e. wavelength
b
A sonographer decreases the number of foci in an image from 4 to 2. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. lateral resolution decreases and temporal resolution increases
b. lateral resolution increases and axial resolution increases
c. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
d. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases
e. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
a
Which of the following transducers does not create a sector shaped image.
a. Annular phased
b. linear sequential
c. annular
d. linear phased
e. mechanical
b
What is the advantage of a one and one-half dimensional array transducer?
a. three dimensional images are created
b. temporal resolution is improved
c. refraction artifact is eleiminated
d. improved elevational resolution
e. improved axial resolution
d
Which of the following lists the orders of the impedences of the media in decreasing order?
a.damping material, ceramic, matching layer, gel, skin
b.skin, gel,matching layer, ceramic, damping material
c.gel, skin, ceramic, damping material, matching layer
d.ceramic, damping material, matching layer, gel, skin
e. matching layer, gel, skin,ceramic, damping material
a
Low frequency sound waves are better able to create images at greater depths. Why would a sonographer choose a high frequency transducer?
a. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior contrast resolution
b. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior axial resolution
c. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior transverse resolution
d. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior temporal resolution
e. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior lateral resolution
b
What is the thickness of the active element of an imaging transducer?
a. equal to the thickness of the matching layer
b. half the wavelength of sound in the PZT
c. half the wavelength of sound in the matching layer
d. one-fourth the wavelength of sound in the active element
e. one-fourth the thickness of the matching layer
b
A single, disc shaped transducer crystal is 8 mm in diameter. The focal depth is 3 cm. The beam is unfocused. What is the diameter of the sound beam as it leaves the transducer?
a. 2 mm
b. 8mm
c. 32 mm
d. 16 mm
e. 3 mm
b
What is associated with the term “phased array”?
a. adjustable focusing
b. mechanical beam steering
c. three-dimensional imaging
d. harmonics
a
High frequency sound waves create images with improved longitudinal resolution. Why would a sonographer choose a low frequency transducer?
a. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior contrast resolution
b. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior axial resolution
c. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior transverse resolution
d. Higher frequency transducers create images with superior temporal resolution
e. Low frequency transducers create images that are deeper
e
Which of the following components of a basic ultrasound transducer are identified by the letter B?
a. matching layer
b. PZT
c. demodulator
d. backing material
e. active element
d
What is the effect of using higher frequencies in the far field?
a. improved contrast and temporal resolution
b. improved lateral resolution
c. improved axial resolution
d. improved axial and lateral resolution
e. improved spatial and contrast resolution
d
A linear sequential array probe has 128 crystals. In this case, how many of these will be fire silmultaneously for each sound pulse penetrating into the body?
a, 1
b. 6
c. 128
d. 64
b
Which of the following transducers is best described by the following characteristics: sector shaped image, single PZT crystal, coventional focusing.
a. Annular phased
b. linear sequential
c. annular
d. linear phased
e. mechanical
e
Which of the following factors are unrelated to temporal resolution?
a. Pulse repitition Frequency
b. Pulse repitition period
c. Frequency
d. depth
e. number of foci
c
Comparing Therapeutic and Imaging ultrasound transducers, which of the following statements is true?
a.therapeutic transducers have a shorter pulse duration
b.imaging transducers have a higher quality factor
c.therapeutic transducers have a longer spatial pulse length
d. imaging transducers have a lesser bandwidth
e. imaging transducers have a higher sensitivity
c
A sonographer increases the number of foci from 1 to 4. Which of the following statements is most correct?
a. lateral resolution decreases and temporal resolution increases
b. lateral resolution increases and axial resolution increases
c. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
d. axial resolution increases and temporal resolution increases
e. lateral resolution increases and temporal resolution decreases
e
On an amplitude mode, or “A-Mode” display, what characteristic is displayed on the Y-Axis?
a. echo strength
b. reflector depth
c. time
d. attenuation
e. brightness
a
An ultrasound system is operating in the harmonic mode. The image on the display was created using sound with a frequency of 6 MHz. What is the primary frequency of sound emitted by the system’s transducer?
a. 12 MHz
b. 6 MHz
c. 9 MHz
d. 8.MHz
e. 3 MHz
e
The term “low dynamic range” has which of the following meanings?
a. high spatial resolution
b. few shades of gray
c. excellent temporal resolution
d. poor spatial resolution
e. many shades of gray
b
Of the following operations performed by a reciever of an ultrasound system, which is the last to be performed?
a. TGC
b. compression
c. demodulation
d. amplification
e. compensation
c
What physical process forms the basis for harmonic imaging?
a, Newtonian Dynamics
b. divergance
c. refraction
d. non linear behavior
e. difraction
d
What is the difference between binary and decimal numbers?
a. decimal numbers are ten times bigger than decimal mumbers.
b. decimal numbers are based on 10, and binary numbers are based on 2
c.decimal numbers are based on 2, while decimal numbers are based on 10.
d. decimal numbers are used on a calculator while binary numbers are used on a computer.
e. decimal numbers are 5 times larger than binary.
b
Dynamic range is measured in _____ and is the ________ between two numbers.
a. dB, difference
b. rayls, ratio
c. percent, sum
d. percent, difference
e. dB, ratio
e
The amplifier of an ultrasound machine increases the signal from 4 mw/cm^2 to 4 w/cm^2. What is the gain of the amplifier?
a. 10 dB
b. 400 dB
c. 1 dB
d. 30 dB
f. 100 dB
d
How many bits are required to make a byte?
a. 1
b. 16
c. 4
d. 8
e. 2
d
Which of the following is best desribed by compounding with different times?
a. persistence
b. spatial compounding
c. frequency compounding
d. frame averaging
a
With gray scale imaging, what is the percentage of time the ultrasound machine is receiving:
a. 5%
b. 99%
c. 100%
d. 25%
e. 0.5%
b
What is the purpose of digital memory in a ultrasound imaging system?
a. it stores the image data after it has been converted into a string of 0’s and 1’s.
b. it stores the patients name
c. it stores the patients previous studies
d. it stores the transducer frequency
a
With fill-in interpolation, what is the most likely effect on an ultrasound image?
a. the entire image will be darker
b. the temporal resolution will ne degraded
c. the entire image will ne brighter
d. low level nois in the image will be eliminated
e. the image will display a greater level of detail
e
Which of the following is a nessessary component of a contrast agent?
a. metabolically inert
b. must be inexpensive
c. must be smaller than arteries
d. must have an acoustic impedence equal to that of blood.
a
All of the following are disadvantages of the analog scan converter EXCEPT:
a. drift
b.. deterioation
c. image fade
d. flicker
e. veiling glare
e
In a digital image, with 3 bits per pixel, how many different gray shades can a single pixel display at one moment in time?
a. 16
b. 8
c. 2
d. 1
e. 4
d
What subject matter does the ALARA principle relate to?
a. compensation
b. transducer design
c. quality assurance
d. bioeffects
e. image processing
d
Which of the following numbers represents a binary number?
a. 012345
b. 0
c. 2
d. 123456
e. 2468
b
Which of the following image manipulations is NOT considered post processing?
a. white/black invert
b. black/white invert
c. zoom
d. freeze frame
e. write magnification
e
All of the following terms are associated with bi-directional doppler except:
a. phase quadrature
b. spectral analysis
c. non-coherent
d. aliasing
e. demodulation
c
Which of the following describe blood flow at a variety of directions at many speeds?
a. turbulent
b.. phasic
c. pulsatile
d. smooth
e. laminar
a
All of the following optimize the accuracy and reduce the liklihood of artifacts in a clinical doppler exam EXCEPT:
a. shallow sample volume depth
b. decreasing the PRF
c. lower frequency transducers
d. 0 degree angle between sound beam and flow direction
e. increasing the Nyquist limit
b
which of the following effects is NOT created by a stenosis?
a. increased velocity within the stenosis
b. increased velocity at the exit to the stenosis
c. pulsatile flow at the exit to the stenosis
d. turbulence at the exit to the stenosis
e. pressure gradient across the stenosis
c
Which of the following is affected by the packet size transmitted by an ultrasound probe?
a. spatial resolution
b. depth calibration
c. longitudinal resolution
d. doppler accuracy
e. lateral resolution
d
what happens to flow when the pressure gradient doubles?
a. flow is quartered
b. flow is quadrupled
c. flow is doubled
d. flow is halved
e. flow is unchanged
c
A 6 foot tall supine patient has normal hemodynamics. The patient’s arterial blood pressure is 140 mmHg. The patient extends their right arm high above their head. What is the hydrostatic pressure at the ankle of this patient?
a. 0 mmHg
b. -50 mmHg
c. 92 mmHg
d. 50 mmHg
e. 6 mmHg
a
Which of the following characteristics best describe a velocity mode color map?
a. colors vary from top to bottom and also from side to side
b. colors vary from top to bottom, but not from side to side to side
c. the top half of the map may only be one color
d. colors vary from side to side, but not from top to bottom
e. the right side of the map is a different color than the left side
b
Which of the following are limitations of color power doppler?
a. high doppler sensitivity and low temporal resolution
b. low temporal resolution and flash artifact
c. low doppler sensitivity and flash artifact
d. high doppler sensitivity and flash artifact
e.high temporal resolution and low doppler sensitivity
b
What is flow that is layered and in the same direction called?
a. smooth
b. turbulent
c. laminar
d. pulsatile
e. phasic
c
In which of the following is the velocity of sound the highest?
a. tendon
b. kidney
c. muscle
d. amniotic fluid
e. bone
a
A tourist is standing at the edge of a canyon and yells hello. The sound wave produced is travelling in air at 330 meters per second. The tourist hears the echo hello 4 seconds later. What is the total distance that the sound wave travelled?
a. 1320 meters
b. 570 meters.
c. 1140 meters
d. 760 meters
e. 380 meters
a
Which of the following terms best describe the interference of a pair of waves that are out of phase?
a. intermitten
b. asynchronous
c. phasic
d. destructive
e. Huygens
d
Which of the following principles expresses the process of refraction?
a. Poiseuille’s Law
b. Snell’s Law
c. Refactive Index Formulation
d. Bernoulli’s Principle
e. Reynold’s Number
b
Which of the following sound waves are infrasonic?
a. 4 Hz
b. 5,000 Hz
c. 2 MHz
d. 9 MHz
e. 2000 kHz
a
A sound wave is traveling in the body and propagates from muscle to air. What percentage of the sound wave is most likely to be transmitted at the muscle-air boundary?
a. 0.5%
b. 75%
c. 25%
d. 5%
e. 99%
a
Which of the following best describes a pulse of ultrasound with superior axial resolution?
a. high frequency and few cycles in the pulse
b. low frequency and many cycles in the pulse
c. high frequency and many cycles in the pulse
d. low frequency and few cycles in the pulse
e. low frequency and long spatial pulse length
a
All of the following describe the resolution characteristic related to a short pulse except:
a. angular resolution
b. range resolution
c. radial resoltion
d. logitudinal resolution
e. axial resolution
a
A sound beam is travelling from medium B to Medium G. Under which of the following conditions will reflection always occur?
a. similar speeds, perpendicular incidence
b. identical density and normal incidence
c. dissimilar impedenc and orthoganal incidence
d. different density and oblique incidence
e. different impedences and oblique incidence
c
Which of the following interfaces will produce the smallest amount of transmission?
a. blood-muscle
b. air-liver
c. calcium-blood
d. bone-tendon
e. fat-liver
b
Refraction is a physical process associated with ______________.
a. impedence
b. reflection
c. spatial pulse length
d. attenuation
e. transmission
d
In soft tissue, which of the following PZT crystals will produce the lowest SPTA intensity at the end of the near zone?
a. 6 mm diameter, 6 MHz frequency
b. 5 mm diameter, 3 MHz frequency
c. 4 mm diameter, 5 MHz frequency
d. 6 mm diameter, 4 MHz frequency
e. 4 mm diameter, 6 MHz frequency
a
What are the units of wavelength?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
a
What are the units of intensity?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
c
What are the units of power?
a. millimeters
b. Hertz
c. Watts/cm squared
d. meters/sec
e. Watts
e
The Power in a beam is 1 watt and the area is 5cm^2. What is the beams intensity?
a. 5 w/cm^2
b. 1 w/cm^2
c. 0.2 w/cm^2
d. 1 watt
c
If the intensity remains the same, while the power is doubled, what happens to the beam area?
a. quadrupled
b. doubled
c. halved
d. unchanged
b
What happens to the speed of sound when the bulk modulus increases?
a. faster
b. slower
c. remains the same
a
Which of the foloowing waves will have the shortest wavelength?
a. low frequency in a fast medium
b. low frequency in a slow medium
c. high frequency in a fast medium
d. high frequency in a slow medium
d
Sound waves are:
a. electric
b. mechanichal, transverse
c. spectral
d. longitudinal, mechanical
b
The speed of sound in soft tissue is closest to:
a. 1,540 km/s
b. 1.54 km/ms
c. 1,500 m/s
d. 1,540 mm/sec
c
The frequency closest to the lower limit of US is:
a. 19,000 kHz
b. 10,000 MHz
c. 20,000 msec
d. 15,000 Hz
d
With regards to tissue heating, the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine has recommended specific maximum intensity limits for focused and unfocused sound beams. Which of the following statements is true?
a. The maximum intensity limit for a focused beam is higher than that of an unfocused beam.
b. The maximum intensity limit for an unfocused beam is higher than that of a focused beam.
c. The intensity limits for focused and unfocused beams are the same.
a
Which of the following statements is true of a hydrophone used to measure the output of ultrasound transducers?
a. strength at specific locations in the cound beam can be measured
b. the beams lowest intensity, SATA is measured
c. total output power of the transducer is measured
d. the diameter of the PZT is large
e. sound energy is converted into heat by the hydrophone
a
A higher mechanical index is consistent with an increased likelyhood of cavitation. Which of these choices is associated with a high mechanical index?
a. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and short wavelength
b. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and extremely short wavelength
c. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and high frequency
d. extreme peak compression pressure and high frequency
e. extreme peak rarefactional pressure and low frequency
Thank you for reading please share your answer so all of us can benefit.
Steve Ramsey. Calgary, Alberta – Canada