Ultrasound Physics – SPI – Part G

     For those who are writing the SPI- Ultrasound physics exam. I have notes for sale it is about 1500  multiple choices sets for ARDMS -spi exam = 50 USA DOLLARS. I study those notes and passed my exam 670/700 . If you want to buy i can copy the notes and send them to you in e mail or by mail   you can reach me atdrsteveramsey@gmail.com . I will also include some of the ideas about the 12 simulation questions.  The payment with  PayPal      to drsteveramsey@gmail.com ,  fetal gender , Saad Ismail   

———————————————————————————-

SECTION 1:  ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES

• Discuss sound and terms associated with the production of    sound waves
  • Explain the relationships between frequency, wavelength,  and propagation speed.
  • State the properties of ultrasound waves and their effects upon each other.
  • Describe physical units as they apply to diagnostic ultrasound
  • Describe measurement dimensions and how they relate to diagnostic ultrasound

SECTION 2:  PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND THROUGH TISSUES

• Describe the interaction of sound with tissue
  • Explain the attenuation of sound and sources associated  with attenuation
  • State useful diagnostic frequency ranges
  • Discuss and explain terminology associated with image  characteristics

  SECTION 3:  ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS

• Describe the piezoelectric effect
  • Identify the various types of transducers
  • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various types  of transducers
  • Explain the formation of the sound beam
  • Describe resolution and discuss the various parameters that affect resolution.
  • Discuss the care and maintenance of transducers and the  importance of maintaining them. 
  • Explain the different methods of focusing

  SECTION 4: PULSE ECHO INSTRUMENTS

• Discuss the general concepts of the range equation
  • Explain pulsing characteristics including pulse repetition  frequency, pulse repetition period, pulse duration, spatial pulse  length, and duty factor
  • Discuss the various stages and components of pulse echo instruments
  • Describe dynamic range

SECTION 5:  PRINCIPLES of PULSE ECHO IMAGING

• Explain the difference between A-mode, M-mode, and B-mode.
  • Recognize the advantages of the various imaging modes
  • Discuss scan speed limitations
  • Perform range equation calculations and explain its relationship to pulsing characteristics
  • Describe temporal resolution

SECTION 6:  IMAGES, STORAGE, and DISPLAY

• Discuss the role of the scan converter
  • Explain the various steps in the scan version process
  • Differentiate the types of scan converters (digital versus  analog)
  • Identify the various types of display devices 
  • Explain the differences between pre and post-processing
  • State the various processes associated with pre and post-processing.
  • Explain persistence, frame averaging, and other functions  associated with pre and post-processing
  • Discuss the various types of recording and archiving devices  and techniques

SECTION 7:  HEMODYNAMICS, DOPPLER, COLOR FLOW, and COLOR POWER IMAGING

• Describe hemodynamics 
  • Discuss the effects of viscosity, friction, and inertia associated with hemodynamic flow
  • Differentiate steady verses pulsatile flow
  • Explain the difference between laminar verses turbulent flow
  • Describe the effects of stenosis on the characteristics of blood flow
  • Explain venous flow, hydrostatic pressure and the pressure/volume relationship
  • State the effects of respiration on venous flow
  • Apply Doppler principles and the factors that affect flow
  • Describe the differences between continuous wave and pulsed wave Doppler
  • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of both types of Doppler
  • Discuss color flow imaging and the advantages and limitations
  • Describe and discuss the instrumentation used to produce color flow imaging
  • Discuss color power Doppler and explain its advantages and limitations

SECTION 8:  ARTIFACTS

• State the definition of an artifact 
  • Discuss the various types of artifacts
  • Explain the mechanisms behind the production of the various artifacts
  • Describe the characteristics of the various artifacts 
  • Discuss the effects of artifacts on measurements

SECTION 9:  QUALITY ASSURANCE of ULTRASOUND INSTRUMENTS

• Explain the need for a quality assurance program
  • Discuss the various methods used to evaluate the performance of ultrasound instruments
  • Describe the differences between test objects and tissue phantoms
  • Explain the parameters that are evaluated with tissue phantoms
  • Discuss the parameters that are evaluated with test objects
  • Describe the materials used in the various phantoms and test objects to obtain measurements
  • Explain the need for preventative maintenance and record keeping
  • Describe statistical indices and state their importance

SECTION 10:  BIOEFFECTS and SAFETY

• Explain the various acoustic output quantities
  • Discuss the methods used to determine power
  • Describe the various intensities associated with diagnostic ultrasound
  • Explain relationship of intensity and power to various operating modes
  • Discuss the acoustic output labeling standard associated with thermal and mechanical index
  • Describe the ALARA principle and its implementation
  • Apply the methods needed to reduce acoustic exposure
  • Discuss the production of biologic effects 
  • Differentiate cavitation and thermal mechanisms
  • Explain the use of various experimental studies regarding biological effects
  • Discuss the guidelines and regulations set forth by the AIUM, NEMA, and FDA
  • Describe the various electrical and mechanical hazards associated with diagnostic imaging
• Thank you for reading please share your answer so all of us can benefit.

  Steve Ramsey.  Calgary, Alberta – Canada